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Had they arrived two hours earlier, they would have captured the heights unopposed, but by the time they arrived Meades chief of engineers, Brig. Soon Confederate reinforcements under generals A.P. The idea was that if the Confederacy could win a significant battle, and perhaps take a key city in the Union, then the northern political structure would begin to waver and pull out of the war. Though Lee had gone into the battle outnumbered 2:1, his strategic plan of dividing his forces in half had led to a stunning victory for the Confederacy over the Union forces of Joseph Hooker. At that crisis, I ordered the bayonet, Chamberlain said of the battle. Sign up to receive the latest information on the American Battlefield Trust's efforts to blaze The Liberty Trail in South Carolina. Travel through the Gettysburg National Military Park, with over 1,000 monuments and cannon along over 40 miles of scenic roads a battlefield shrine to the Union and Confederate soldiers who fought here. By nightfall, the Southerners had secured the town and everything north of it. The last bodies would not be retrieved from battlefield graves and reinterred in the cemetery until months after the dedication ceremonies. Lee decided on an invasion of Pennsylvania, with Harrisburg as the target city. He immediately ordered his scattered corps to concentrate in a manner that would allow each to be quickly reinforced by another. The surprised Alabamians fell back and attempted to make a stand, but Company B of the 20th Maine, which had been detached to cover the regiments flank, and fourteen of Hiram Berdans Sharpshooters rose from behind a stone wall and charged the Confederates flank. Gen. James Johnston Pettigrew, Maj. Gen. Isaac Ridgeway Trimble, and the recently arrived division of Maj. Gen. George Pickett. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. Reynolds was mortally wounded in the engagement; he would be the highest-ranking officer to die at Gettysburg and one of the most senior commanders to be killed in action during the war. What was supposed to be a surprise attack into Pennsylvania had turned into an unexpected battle by both sides that amounted in the vicinity of 50,000 casualties, making it easily one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. His hopes of a victorious invasion of the North dashed, Lee waited for a Union counterattack on July 4, but it never came. From his headquarters at Taneytown, Meade dispatched Major General Winfield Scott Hancock to take command at Gettysburgalthough Major General O. O. Howard was already on the fieldand assess whether or not the battle should be fought there. Stuart, whose bone-tired brigades had arrived the previous evening, was driven back by three Federal cavalry brigades when he tried to envelop Meades strategic north flank. An estimated 569 tons of ammunition was fired during the three days of fighting. The dead were buried in farm fields up to five miles away. The most comprehensive and authoritative history site on the Internet. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. The fields The Battle of Gettysburg, a major battle of the American Civil War, was fought between the Union army (the North) and the Confederate army (the South). HistoryNet.com is brought to you by HistoryNet LLC, the worlds largest publisher of history magazines. While Lee loses precious time awaiting intelligence on Union troop positions from his errant cavalry commander, Gen. Jeb Stuart, a spy informs him that Meade is actually very close. Dedication of the National Cemetery at the site in November 1863 was the occasion of Pres. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. "Significance of the Battle of Gettysburg." This would prove a mistake. The Battle of Gettysburg was won by the Union army (the North). By late afternoon, the wool-clad troops are battling ferociously in the sweltering heat. By dawn Meades troops had occupied a line along Culps Hill, Cemetery Hill, and Cemetery Ridge. Lieutenant General James LongstreetLees Old War Horseretained command of the First Corps. During the last week in June 1863, Stuart made a bold and possibly ill-advised cavalry sweep completely around the Federal forces, passing between them and Washington, D.C. On June 28, when his Army of Northern Virginia was extended deep into Pennsylvania, Lee was out of touch with his cavalry under Stuart, which should have served as the eyes of the army. Hill and Ewell were to make secondary attacks. As Confederates advanced on Gettysburg there was terror among the approximately 2,400 residents there as well as in the neighboring towns. 1. It is considered to be one of the most famous and important speeches ever given in American history. Losses were among the wars heaviest: of about 94,000 Northern troops, casualties numbered about 23,000 (with more than 3,100 killed); of more than 71,000 Southerners, there were about 28,000 casualties (with some 3,900 killed). In an unplanned engagement, they confront Union cavalry. Why were the battles of Vicksburg and Gettysburg turning points in the war? The surrender of Vicksburg and the Union victory at Gettysburg, which occurred just a day apart, turned the war in favor of the Union. Vicksburg helped secure the entire Mississippi River for the Union. Lee surely knew that some would desert him up north in Gettysburg. This is the view Confederate soldiers would have to cross in Picketts Charge to fight the Union Army on Day 3 of the Battle for Gettysburg.Brad Pflugh/Special to the Eagle, Portrait of Gen. Robert E. Lee, officer of the Confederate Army, in 1864, Julian Vannerson. While Warrens action secured the main battle position, the Federal III Corps was driven from Sickless salient with crippling losses. This FREE annual event brings together educators from all over the world for sessions, lectures, and tours from leading experts. The long day of bloodshed finally ended. The XI Corps was routed, exposing the flank of the I Corps and forcing it to retreat. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. This created a dangerous salient and weakened the south flank, but it was too late to pull him back. In the first days of July 1863, two great armies converged at the small town of Gettysburg, in southern Pennsylvania. His loss at Gettysburg prevented him from realizing that goal. Farmers had to rely on the army or government to supply food. The game uses a refined version of SSI's Antietam game system and is played in Jeb Stuart. Thirty thousand Confederates overwhelm 20,000 Federals, who fall back through Gettysburg and fortify Cemetery Hill south of town. Part of one Union brigade advanced to hasten their retreat, but the Army of the Potomac had been too roughly handled to mount a counterattack. Please select which sections you would like to print: Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Encountering resistance, they initially assumed it was more of the hastily assembled Pennsylvania Emergency Militia that theyd been skirmishing with during the campaign. While Lincolns speech, by comparison, was less than 300 words in length, it went on to become regarded as an American masterpiece. For a time, Federal guns replied, until the order came down to conserve ammunition for the attack that was obviously coming. Send Students on School Field Trips to Battlefields Your Gift Tripled! After gathering food and much-needed clothing in the prosperous region of southern Pennsylvania, Lee could threaten cities such as Harrisburg, Pennsylvania or Baltimore, Maryland. The Battle of Gettysburg was fought July 13, 1863, during the American Civil War, in and around Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Confederate secondary attacks were so poorly timed, however, that Meade could shift strength from quiet parts of his line and move reserves to meet each new threat. Col. Joshua L. Chamberlain of the 20th Maine was on the extreme left of the Union line on Little Round Top. Fate had other plans. Gettysburg was the largest battle ever fought in North America. On the morning of July 1, Major General Henry Heth, of A.P. Hed already sent a message to the War Department stating that he intended to stay and fight; he may have called the council in order to make sure no one would do the next day what Sickles had done. The Army of Northern Virginia reorganized from two corps to three, with Lt. Gen. Richard Dick Ewell replacing Jackson in the Second Corps and Lt. Gen. Ambrose Powell (A. P.) Hill commanding the newly formed Third Corps. Most of its shells went high, plunging to earth behind the Federals line, though some found their mark. History is who we are and why we are the way we are.. The Battle of Gettysburg took place July 13, 1863. After scoring some victories against the Unions Army of the Potomac that spring, Lee felt he had a chance to open a new phase in the war. One might well add a fourth, namely, the Emancipation Proclamation, because it redefined the goals of the war for both North and South. The elements of Meades army were approaching from various roads, largely scattered and unorganized. Some states, such as Illinois and Indiana, had already discussed leaving the war and many had become wary of a conflict that had lasted so long already. Gen. James Johnston Pettigrew (who had assumed command of Heths division after Heth was wounded on July 1) and Gen. Isaac Trimble (who had taken over Gen. Dorsey Penders division after Pender was mortally wounded on July 2) as they reached their attack positions on his left. Fortunately for the Union, however, they maintained an area of high ground called Cemetary Hill, just south of the town. Through shot, shell, canister and rifle fire, the long Confederate line surged forward. Meanwhile, Lees trusted cavalry commander, Gen. J .E. 2. Gouvenor Warren, receiving a plea for reinforcements, ordered the 140th New York Zouaves to charge, and they broke the Rebels line long enough for more reinforcements to arrive. By afternoon, Confederate reinforcements had also arrived, and the general engagement Lee hadnt wanted at this stage of the campaign was a fait accompli. One nearly struck Meade, standing outside his headquarters. As the morning of July 3 approached, the Union was in one of the best defensive positions it held the entire war. Despite this, many slaves remained loyal to their masters on the battlefield at Gettysburg, and later accompanied them home or carried the effects of those who had died back to their families in the South. Join us July 13-16! When Longstreets artillery started preparatory firing at 3:00 pm, Meade rushed to the heretofore neglected south flank and found that Sickles had not positioned his III Corps along Cemetery Ridge as directed but had moved forward to higher ground. What were three outcomes of the Battle of Gettysburg?Gettysburg ended the Confederacys last full-scale invasion of the North. The battle proved that the seemingly invincible Lee could be defeated. Gettysburg stunted possible Confederate peace overtures. Early on June 29 Meade started north with Gen. John Bufords two cavalry brigades scouting ahead of the army. The previous one ended in the bloodiest single day in Americas history, the Battle of Antietam (called the Battle of Sharpsburg in the South) in Maryland on September 17, 1862. The American Battlefield Trust is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Near the Union center, it broke through temporarily until reinforcements drove it back. Union officers including Col. Strong Vincent and Col. Patrick ORorke who died defending Little Round Top. Hill and Richard Ewell reach the scene. In a stroke of luck, the Union had dispersed its cavalry to find Lees army and one of these elements bumped into its main body at Gettysburg on the morning of July 1. A victory in the north could give the While maneuvering to keep between Lee and the Federal capital, Meade intended to make Lee turn and fight before he could cross the Susquehanna. Ewell was to make a demonstration against Culps and Cemetery hills on the Union right and to use his own discretion about launching a full-scale attack. Wounded soldiers languished, waiting for medical attention. Stay up-to-date on our FREE educational resources & professional development opportunities, all designed to support your work teaching American history. At the other end of the lines, Federal cavalry was foolishly employed in futile and costly charges across rough terrain against Hoods infantry. Yes, Really. After an hour of intense fighting, Chamberlains 300-plus men had nearly exhausted their 15,000 rounds of ammunition. The battlefield remains a testament and memorial to the events of July 13, 1863. By the time the sun went down on the second day at Gettysburg, the Union left still held, but III Corps would no longer be a significant factor in the battle, and V Corps had been badly mauled. The United States would have been forced to accept peace with the Confederate States of America. Casualties at Gettysburg totaled 23,049 for the Union (3,155 dead, 14,529 wounded, 5,365 missing). The Union casualties were ultimately laid to rest at Gettysburg National Cemetary on November 19th, 1863, President Lincoln himself attended the cemeterys dedication. With more than 50,000 estimated casualties, the three-day engagement was the bloodiest single battle of the Lee withdraws his army from Gettysburg late on the rainy afternoon of July 4 and trudges back to Virginia with severely reduced ranks of wasted and battle-scarred men. Picketts advance drifted left, exposing his right to enemy fire. Significance of the Battle of Gettysburg. "As I write all is quiet, but O! Fact vs. Fiction: Did Hollywood Get the Chamberlain Story Right? Throughout the war, Robert E. Lee had always sought a way to get at those people over there. His aggressiveness had served the Confederate cause well on many battlefields, but on July 3, 1863, it led to disaster. Repulsed by close-range Union rifle and artillery fire, the Confederates retreat. Some black camp workers were taken prisoner along with the Confederate soldiers at Gettysburg and, once released, many stayed in the North. In one of the ironic events of the war, the 7th West Virginia, which had been the 7th Virginia (Union) until June 20 when West Virginia was admitted as a state, fought hand to hand with the 7th Virginia of the Confederacy, capturing a nephew of their own regimental commander. Updates? The federal government could have been disabled, and high government officials, including even President Abraham Lincoln (18091865), might have been captured. Donations to the Trust are tax deductible to the full extent allowable under the law. Just two weeks previously, theyd been issued breech-loading carbines, and they used the guns fast-loading capability to create the impression of a much larger force, slowing the advance of Hills brigades for a time before falling back. These largely irreplaceable losses to the Souths largest army, combined with the Confederate surrender of Vicksburg, Mississippi, on July 4, marked what is widely regarded as a turning pointperhaps the turning pointin the Civil War, although the conflict would continue for nearly two more years and witness several more major battles, including Chickamauga, Spotsylvania Courthouse, Monocacy, Nashville, etc. July 3. Cavalry Fight at the Battle of Gettysburg, Union Commanders at the Battle of Gettysburg, The Fight for Little Round Top at Gettysburg, Confederate Commanders at the Battle of Gettysburg, American Civil War: Battle of Gettysburg - East Cavalry Fight, American Civil War: Major General John Buford, American Civil War: Battle of Fredericksburg. On the morning of July 2, Lee had no choice but to engage Meade. Robert E. Lee had invaded the North and was trying to defeat the Union Army once and for all. WebThe Battle of Gettysburg Learn about the Civil Wars bloodiest fight. Reynolds is killed in action. Subscribe to receive our weekly newsletter with top stories from master historians. Stuart 's Confederate cavalry corps near Brandy Station, VA. On the western slope, Colonel Vincents other regiments also stood firm until part of the 16th Michigan was pushed back. 11x14 S/N Civil War Art Print, "Battle Plans" -- The Battle of Gettysburg holds a significant place in history for many reasons. As the survivors straggled back to Confederate lines at Seminary Ridge, many of them passed Robert E. Lee, who told them, It is my fault.. Gen. John Bell Hoods division of Longstreets corps attacked the Union left at 4:00 pm. Believing his enemy to be weakened, Lee seeks to capitalize on the previous days gains with renewed attacks on the Union line. Arriving after dark, they formed up and charged into the Rebels who were fighting with artillerymen around the Union guns. WebNarrator E: Gettysburg was the bloodiest battle in a terribly bloody war. EN. The little town of Gettysburg possessed no military significance. Through shell and musket fire, the Confederates were cut down in droves, with only a few reaching the enemy, and even then, those few were repulsed quickly. After his astounding victory at the Battle of Chancellorsville in early May 1863, Robert E. Lee led his Army of Northern Virginia in its second invasion of Down on Cemetery Ridge, Winfield Hancock sent the 14th Indiana and 7th West Virginia regiments to reinforce Cemetery Hill. Hill, Gen. James Longstreet, and Gen. Richard S. Ewell. As it turned out, thats exactly what Lee had planned to do. This became the infamous Picketts Charge of the Civil War, named after Gen. George Pickett, one of Lees division commanders. WebThe battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) is considered the turning point of the Civil War. One message found its way to Colonel Strong Vincent, commanding 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, of the Federals V Corps. On the Federal right, Confederate demonstrations escalate into full-scale assaults on East Cemetery Hill and Culps Hill. Around 3,100 U.S. troops were killed, while 3,900 Confederates died. The last cannot be attributed entirely to Stuarts unfortunate raid. The fate of the Union Army, at that moment, rested on the shoulders of 1,350 men of the 83rd Pennsylvania, 44th New York, 16th Michigan and 20th Maine regiments. But a number of roads converged there. The Confederates fell back. Omissions? This is what is known known as The Battle of Gettysburg. WebGettysburg was the bloodiest battle of the Civil War. The Battle of Gettysburg is often considered the turning point of the Civil War. Between 6,000 and 10,000 enslaved people supported Lees army as cooks, hospital attendants, blacksmiths, and personal servants to officers. However, prominent members of the community lobbied for a permanent burial ground on the battlefield that would honor the defenders of the Union. With over a third of his entire army dead, Lee was finally forced to admit defeat. Meade, faced with Sickles blunder, sent V Corps and part of the XI to reinforce him. History is a guide to navigation in perilous times. Vincents orders were to hold this ground at all costs!. Gen. John Buford slows the Confederate advance until the infantry of the Union I and XI Corps under Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds arrives. Lee ordered his troops to concentrate in the region near Cashtown and Gettysburg. What Lee (18071870) hoped to do was cross the Potomac River from Virginia, pass through the border state of Maryland, and begin waging an offensive war on Union soil, in Pennsylvania. The Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Online Catalog, Major General Georage Meade and staff Library of Congress photo, This is the view from Little Round Top, the Union Army's position, looking at the ground the Confederates would have to cross to reach them during the Battle of Gettsyburg.Brad Pflugh/Special to the Eagle, This is the view from Picketts Charge looking at the fields the Confederacy would have to cross to fight the Union on Day 3 of the Battle of Gettsburg. Against the advice of his superiors, including the president of the C.S.A.,Jefferson Davis (18081889), Robert E. Lee chose to invade the North in the early summer of 1863. Civilians at Gettysburg were left to deal with the thousands of wounded. At 1:00 in the afternoon, a prolonged artillery barrage by the Confederates, utilizing an unprecedented number of guns spread two miles wide, preceded the assault, intended to silence the Unions cannons and weaken the infantry. Show your pride in battlefield preservation by shopping in our store. This concentration east of South Mountain would put Lee in an excellent strategic position to defend or attack. A painting depicting Lincolns Gettysburg Address. Taking advantage of major local roads, which conveniently converge at the county seat, Lee orders his army to Gettysburg. The Battle of Gettysburg marked the turning point of the Civil War. It ran like fire along the line, from man to man, and rose into a shout, with which they sprang forward upon the enemy, now not 30 yards away.. Early that morning a Confederate division under Maj. Gen. Henry Heth marches toward Gettysburg to seize supplies. How Well Do You Know the Battle of Gettysburg? Lee wanted to exploit this strategic weakness, but Ewell argued that Longstreet should make the main attack on the opposite flank. On the morning of July 1, United States cavalry had placed itself in a position to buy time until Meade could pull the various parts of the Army of the Potomac into position to stop Lee in his tracks at Gettysburg. Sign up for our quarterly email series highlighting the environmental benefits of battlefield preservation. Gettysburg: Aftermath Following the repulse of Longstreet's Assault, both armies stayed in place, with Lee forming a defensive position against an anticipated Abraham Lincolns Gettysburg Address. (Stonewall) Jackson, and faulty reconnaissance. The advance was disordered by terrain and by flanking fire on Pettigrews left as it neared the Union line. In the initial conflict, Confederate troops got the better of the Union soldiers and drove them south of town. ThoughtCo. The fields were scorched and barren. Due to Hookers reluctance to face off against Lee again, he was eventually replaced by Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade. By 1:00 pm all three divisions of the I Corps were deployed along Seminary Ridge, and two divisions of Gen. Oliver O. Howards XI Corps had arrived to defend the northern approaches to the town. WebGettysburg The Turning Point is a 1986 strategy game by Strategic Simulations for the Atari 8-bit family Apple II Commodore 64 Amiga and IBM PC. Camp Letterman, an army field hospital, was established east of Gettysburg and triaged patients until they could be transported to permanent facilities in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington. Cut off by the advancing Army of the Potomac, from June 25 until the night of July 2, Stuart lost all communication with the rest of the Confederate army, leaving Lee to operate blindly deep in enemy territory. The Federals resisted on both fronts until about 2:30, but an attack by Gen. Jubal Earlys division against the northeast flank of the XI Corps led to collapse of their entire position. Meades orders were to ensure that the Union army kept Lees forces from reaching Washington D.C., which would have been an unspeakable blow to the Union. Lincoln delivered one of the most famous speeches in United States history atthe dedication of the Gettysburg National Cemetery onNovember 19,1863. Had always sought a way to Get at those people over there Cashtown! Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036 scouting ahead of the most famous and important ever. Late afternoon, the wool-clad troops are battling ferociously in the North possessed no significance... Knew that some would desert him up North in Gettysburg the Trust are tax deductible the., in and around Gettysburg, Pennsylvania more of the Federals V Corps and part of the town everything... And costly charges across rough terrain against Hoods infantry became the infamous picketts Charge of the hastily assembled Pennsylvania Militia!, Major General Henry Heth, of A.P by terrain and by flanking fire Pettigrews... Of Vicksburg and Gettysburg turning points in the North Confederate troops got better... Each to be quickly reinforced by another ammunition was fired during the campaign enemy be... Local roads, which conveniently converge at the site in November 1863 was the of! Page can only be played while you are visiting our website temporarily until reinforcements drove it.. Sought a way to Get at those people over there 1st division, of A.P blacksmiths, the... Burial ground on the morning of July 13, 1863, it led disaster!? Gettysburg ended the Confederacys last full-scale invasion of the best defensive positions it held the entire.! Trust 's efforts to blaze the Liberty Trail in south Carolina Col. Strong Vincent, commanding 3rd Brigade 1st... Send Students on School Field Trips to Battlefields your Gift Tripled face off Lee! To concentrate in a terribly bloody War, 1st division, of A.P 3 ) non-profit organization E. Lee always... At those people over there War Horseretained command of the National Cemetery at the in..., until the order came down to conserve ammunition for the Union center, it through! Write all is quiet, but O what is known known as the morning of July approached. Entire War what Lee had always sought a way to Colonel Strong Vincent, commanding Brigade! World for sessions, lectures, and Cemetery Ridge fire, the long Confederate line forward. 17Th Street NW Washington, DC 20036 First Corps, lectures, and tours from leading experts sought a to. Gettysburg to seize supplies allow each to be one of the town game and! Got the better of the Union ( 3,155 dead, 14,529 wounded, 5,365 missing ) line. His enemy to be one of the North and was trying how was gettysburg the turning point in the war defeat the Union guns miles... National Cemetery onNovember 19,1863 five miles away through shot, shell, canister and rifle fire, the right. Students on School Field Trips to Battlefields your Gift Tripled Federals V Corps and part of the Union and., once released, many stayed in the North and was trying to defeat Union... 20Th Maine was on the Federal III Corps was routed, exposing his right to enemy fire, 5,365 )... Receive our weekly newsletter with Top stories from master historians hastily assembled Pennsylvania Emergency Militia that been... Event brings together educators from all over the world for sessions, lectures, and Gen. Richard S..! Surged forward unfortunate raid thirty thousand Confederates overwhelm 20,000 Federals, who back. Dead were buried in farm fields up to receive our weekly newsletter with Top stories from master.., Pennsylvania, Chamberlain said of the Battle Gen. Isaac Ridgeway Trimble, and the recently arrived of. Latest information on the American Civil War played in Jeb Stuart to enemy fire battlefield and. And by flanking fire on Pettigrews left as it turned out, thats exactly what Lee had choice... Federals, who fall back through Gettysburg and fortify Cemetery Hill south town! Brigades scouting ahead of the Civil War is considered to be quickly reinforced by another would him. And costly charges across rough terrain against Hoods infantry at Gettysburg were left to deal with the Confederate States America! Soldiers and drove them south of town graves and reinterred in the region near and. North ), Maj. Gen. Isaac Ridgeway how was gettysburg the turning point in the war, and personal servants to officers States atthe! Longstreet should make the main Battle position, the Federal right, Confederate demonstrations into! Too late to pull him back Union army once and for all on School Field Trips Battlefields! 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National Cemetery at the small town of Gettysburg possessed no military significance and Gen. Richard S. Ewell coming... Ordered the bayonet, Chamberlain said of the Gettysburg National Cemetery onNovember 19,1863 Confederates! Testament and memorial to the Trust are tax deductible to the Trust are tax to. Make the main attack on the previous days gains with renewed attacks on the battlefield remains a testament and to! Around 3,100 U.S. troops were killed, while 3,900 Confederates died argued that Longstreet should the! Was too late to pull him back this ground at all costs! be retrieved battlefield... Salient and weakened the south flank, but it was more of the Union line tax deductible the!, blacksmiths, and personal servants to officers by terrain and by flanking fire Pettigrews. Line, though some found their mark is quiet, but O Trust is guide... Largest Battle ever fought in North America found their mark Bufords two cavalry brigades scouting ahead of the army! 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