/StructParents 20 /Rotate 0 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R However, state-governed evaluations may soon come to an end. 20 0 obj /TT1 121 0 R /Name (HeaderFooter) /StructParents 13 - Encourages schools to compete and raise standards, - The more pupils, the more funding given to the school (FORMULA FUNDING), - Inequality widens between better performing schools in middle class areas and working class areas. << >> Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, Advantages & disadvantages of The education reform act 1988. >> >> >> This is the act which more than any other has shaped the modern education system. /Font << >> /Resources << endobj /Type /Page Disadvantages. /Properties << << >> 28. << /Rotate 0 << NAFTA has six main advantages, according to a Congressional Research Service report prepared in 2017. /Type /Page 71 0 obj 0000052109 00000 n /CropBox [0 0 595 842] << /ExtGState << /Parent 10 0 R 90 0 obj <>stream >> >> This is achieved through making schools compete with one another for pupils and government funding, in the same way in which businesses compete with each other for customers, sales and profits. /ExtGState << 46 0 obj >> /TT1 121 0 R /Contents 291 0 R /Rotate 0 >> >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> >> >> Appointed President of the Board of Education in 1941, Richard 'Rab' Butler passed an Education Act in 1944, promising 'Secondary Education for All'. /Font << >> /Properties << /MarkInfo << >> 100 0 obj /Properties << According to the results, the 1988 Education Reform Act has had a strong impact on teaching in the British primary schools. /StructParents 79 /Rotate 0 /Type /Page /GS0 125 0 R /TT1 121 0 R The New Right refers to a set of ideas that emerged in the 1970s. /Kids [72 0 R 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R] >> /Parent 15 0 R 0000003223 00000 n Intake and its social class still influences how some parents make their choices and these subtle forces influence selection.. This post has primarily been written forstudents of A-level sociology who are studying the education module in their first year. /Properties << The introduction of free market principles into more areas of social life traditionally paid for by taxation (such as education and the health services). /Font << /ExtGState << endobj /StructParents 86 /Resources << /Kids [42 0 R 43 0 R 44 0 R 45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R 51 0 R] The 1988 reform act led to league tables and the schools market plus back-door selection and even corruption, School market supporters argue the case for the defence. endobj /GS0 125 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] %PDF-1.3 % /TT0 120 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Parent 15 0 R >> /GS0 125 0 R The 1988 Education reform act was one of the most notable and significantly developed legislation since the last radical regulation, the education act of 1944. . However, the disadvantages would also have to be taken into consideration as it is still unfair for the working class families, there are many aspect which contribute to this . /Type /Page /Type /Page The students with disabilities, such as auditory processing . The Best For My Child. advantages claimed for this legislation (that is, the values underpinning the National Curriculum). 0000052072 00000 n /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> 3099067 /Resources << >> endobj /Rotate 0 /GS0 125 0 R /StructParents 55 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Contents 293 0 R They are academies . Not all students learn at the same pace or have the same skills mastered, particularly those with learning disabilities. 142 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R /Contents 269 0 R 110 0 obj /GS0 125 0 R /StructParents 15 >> /Parent 10 0 R /TT2 226 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /Font << endobj Top-down federal and state . /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] 0000029468 00000 n /GS0 125 0 R >> /StructParents 82 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ExtGState << /TT0 120 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Type /Page /GS0 125 0 R 42 0 obj /GS0 125 0 R >> >> >> /TT2 121 0 R endobj /Contents 251 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> Schools that provide parents and pupils with what they want such as good exam results will thrive. endobj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT0 120 0 R endobj /Resources << >> endobj /Type /Page /Parent 16 0 R /ExtGState << Barely 10% of its pupils achieved five good GCSEs and attendance was chronically low. The New Rights 1988 Education Reform Act put in place the policies which aimed to achieve the goal of raising standards. 0000017863 00000 n /ExtGState << /MC0 129 0 R The most far-reaching package of changes to the previously 'un-meritocrial' education system was introduced in the 1988 Education Reform Act. >> More limited claims for the thesis are posited. /Font << >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R << /GS0 125 0 R /Parent 14 0 R << 1 0 obj >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 << The result of this was that some schools became oversubscribed, and these were allowed to select pupils according to certain criteria. /Rotate 0 /GS0 125 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /Outlines 3 0 R /Resources << >> >> /StructParents 43 /Rotate 0 >> >> The Middle Classes have more effective choice because of their higher incomes, The Middle classes have more effective choice because of their greater cultural and social capital, Schools become more selective they are more likely to want pupils who are likely to do well. The unease Phillips voices about the market reforms came through interviews with many of the key players in recent education reform. >> >> /GS0 125 0 R /StructParents 76 /StructParents 40 >> >> /TT2 226 0 R 3 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> Both brought with them changes that are . 72 0 obj /Type /Page endobj The schools at the bottom turn into, More testing means more negative labelling for those who fail, Schools put more effort into teaching those in the top sets to improve their A-C rates. However, in recent years, some schools have discontinued their multiage programs due to the grade-level standards and testing requirements imposed by the No Child Left Behind Act and most states' accountability laws. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Font << trailer /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /Page /Type /Page /MC0 129 0 R >> /Contents 256 0 R The League Tables give no indication of the wider social good a school is doing beyond getting students results. 2. /Rotate 0 Where did all the GCSE pupils go and why has no one noticed? 61 0 obj It has significantly influenced the policies of the UK Conservative Party and is a set of political beliefs about how the country should be run. >> /Kids [22 0 R 23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R] They will maintain the schools position in the league tables and its status in the education market. >> << Children were regularly assessed to establish whether they were meeting key stages appropriate to their . Education Reform Act 1988 Learning Objectives: To understand the main changes that occurred in 1988 29. The law provides subsidies ("premium tax credits") to customers with incomes ranging from 100% to 400% of the federal poverty threshold (FPL). /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Font << endobj >> >> << /GS0 125 0 R /Properties << /ExtGState << /Contents 243 0 R /Properties << << << >> /Properties << /Type /Page /Font << The 'funding formula' means school funding is determined by pupil numbers and nothing relating to class; . /Resources << /Font << Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. /Properties << /ExtGState << >> It was this that then set the scene for successful schools to be able to expand and failing schools to collapse (and, following further policy changes later on under New Labour and other successive governments) to be taken over by successful schools. >> /Type /Page /Prev 115 0 R Indeed, it is rapidly becoming a full-time << /Contents 300 0 R 0000006904 00000 n /Parent 2 0 R As the marketplace stabilized, some companies returned, and others continue to expand . >> endobj However, an important point to keep in mind is that correlation doesnt necessarily mean causation GCSE results may have improved over the last 30 years WITHOUT marketisation policies. 98 0 obj >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 68 0 obj >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Inclusive education also benefits general education . /Count 10 << endobj endobj >> /Resources << . Gerbil - the great education reform bill, as it was known before . >> 58 0 obj /MC0 129 0 R >> /Contents 235 0 R >> /Font << /Properties << /Type /Page >> >> /Properties << 0000032161 00000 n /CropBox [0 0 595 842] For more information, please visit our Permissions help page. /Filter /FlateDecode << From 1980 parents were allowed to express a preference for the school they wanted to send their children too, the first time parents were realistically able to consider sending their children to schools miles away from where they lived. /StructParents 31 /MC0 129 0 R 92 0 obj << /Properties << /Rotate 0 /Font << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Parent 17 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /Type /Page >> /Contents 255 0 R Freedom of choice. << /TT0 120 0 R Free schools are all-ability state-funded schools set up in response to what local people say they want and need in order to improve education for children in their community. 50 0 obj As a result, the basic structure of our standing education system was instituted. endobj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MC0 129 0 R /StructParents 72 /MC0 129 0 R >> endobj The education received throughout a childhood determines how the future will be for the new generation. The New Right theorised that League tables would force schools to raise standards because no parent would want to send their child to a school at the bottom. >> /TT1 226 0 R endobj /Contents 236 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /MC0 129 0 R >> Did the schools market deliver? >> >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] << The 1988 reform act led to league tables and the schools market - plus back-door selection and even corruption. /ExtGState << /Contents 271 0 R /ExtGState << >> 74 0 obj << /Rotate 0 /StructParents 47 History. /TT0 120 0 R /Contents 297 0 R /Resources << >> << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /TT2 226 0 R /Type /Page /Resources << /Font << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> >> >> /Contents 270 0 R /Type /Page And while many more young people are staying on to higher level qualifications than 30 years ago, and gaps in attainment by social group are starting to narrow, around 11% of 16- 24-year-olds are still not in employment, education or training. >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] endobj /StructParents 1 >> /TT1 121 0 R >> >> endobj /Properties << /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 68 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> This will take effect in 2009. /GS0 125 0 R >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Producer (Acrobat Distiller 6.0 \(Windows\)) /Font << 0000010001 00000 n >> /Count 10 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] Specifically, it highlights the complexity of the development and 'implementation' of the National Curriculum for Physical Education (NCPE) and addresses the issues of . >> >> >> >> /TT1 121 0 R /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 as comprehensive schools have such large intakes, it makes discipline more challenging in addition the anonymity students feel in such large schools makes it . 2 0 obj Was the ERA a success or a failure? /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] << /Count 10 /TT0 120 0 R /GS0 125 0 R 3 0 obj /Rotate 0 /MC0 129 0 R Also, just because powerful governments have expanded marketisation on a global scale, this doesnt necessarily mean it works for everyone, and there are plenty of criticisms of the negative consequences of the 1988 Education Act as below, Below I summarize EIGHT criticisms of the 1988 Education Act, Concern has been expressed over the harmful effects of over-testing on pupils, especially younger pupils. /TT1 226 0 R /ExtGState << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> startxref /TT1 226 0 R /Parent 3 0 R The advantages and disadvantages of the above mentioned land reforms are as follows: Abolition of intermediaries: The abolition of intermediaries has led to the end of a parasite class. Many of the features of today's education system - from academies to league tables - have their origins in the 1988 Education Reform Act. >> >> >> /Type /Page The view that the 1988 Education Reform Act is influential in terms of controlling and progressing schools further could be seen as decisive, one reason being it could be a means of achieving control of the curriculum and the assessment, enabling them to progress and monitor there spending control, as well as the rise in the standards of school in terms of the competition and choice. 60 0 obj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 17 0 obj /MC0 129 0 R /ExtGState << The one-day forum of presentations and /TT2 226 0 R /EmbeddedFiles 20 0 R /ExtGState << 76 0 obj /TT2 121 0 R By 3 August 1944 the . /Contents 131 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << /GS0 125 0 R >> Students might also be interested in this summary of all education policies (up to 2010). /Creator (Acrobat PDFMaker 6.0 for Word) /MC0 129 0 R /Prev 18 0 R /MC0 129 0 R 0000004437 00000 n /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Contents 276 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Parent 14 0 R Security Through Biometric Authentication: One . /Rotate 0 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Contents 248 0 R /TT1 226 0 R >> /GS0 125 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] New Right ideas have most been mostly strictly followed by the Conservative when they have been in power in the UK firstly, 1979-1997 and again since 2010.New Right Education Policies started to be introduced under Thatchers government from the early 1980s. /Type /Page /Resources << << By Cyril John Barlongo. /Parent 9 0 R /TT1 121 0 R >> /MC0 129 0 R /ExtGState << /StructParents 83 >> /Type /Page /Type /Page 43 0 obj >> /TT2 121 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /Properties << /Resources << /GS0 125 0 R /Contents 267 0 R /ExtGState << endobj /StructParents 27 /Properties << /ExtGState << >> /StructParents 22 /Contents 263 0 R People are denied an education because of where they live, who they are, and how much money they have. /Resources << /TT0 120 0 R endobj /Parent 11 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /Properties << >> The English schools hierarchy is as powerful as ever, with some choices only available to a select group of parents who can afford hefty fees, move to the catchment of a successful school, or pay for costly private tuition to pass high-stakes entrance exams. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /TT0 120 0 R >> >> /Type /Page 0000003657 00000 n /Type /Pages Back in 1988 these League Tables were only available as government publications and in schools prospectuses, but obviously today these have evolved so that they are now searchable for any school online!League Tables today, accessible online! /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> Private schools have always operated on these principles they charge fees and compete with each other for customers. We use cookies to improve your website experience. Also from SAGE Publishing. /ExtGState << /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 85 << /MC0 129 0 R /Contents 253 0 R /ExtGState << /Resources << /MC0 129 0 R endobj /Properties << /Parent 16 0 R /TT1 226 0 R >> Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. 55 0 obj /Rotate 0 To make this word schools have been required to publish a prospectus which includes their examination and test results since 1988. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /Page 0000001551 00000 n /Rotate 0 /Rotate 0 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] << 26 0 obj >> << Marketisation is used to refer to a trend in education policy from the 1980s where schools were encouraged to compete against each other and act more like private businesses rather than institutions under the control of local government. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> endobj >> >> >> Last September the Wakefield City academies trust gave up all its schools. endobj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Resources << From 1988 funding to individual schools was based on how many pupils enrolled in that school. /Annots [193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R /Font << Some parts of the country, recently categorised in 12 new government-designated opportunity areas, appear stubbornly resistant to every policy initiative of the past 30 years. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> endobj /Resources << /ExtGState << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Rotate 0 /StructParents 25 /GS0 125 0 R 48 0 obj /Contents 281 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Contents 245 0 R /Parent 12 0 R >> /ExtGState << /Rotate 0 /D << /GS0 125 0 R /TT0 120 0 R endobj /Rotate 0 /Resources << /Contents 250 0 R /ExtGState << /TT1 121 0 R /Contents 219 0 R /Rotate 0 >> /StructParents 18 /Rotate 0 >> /Font << Poverty Reduction. 0000000994 00000 n /TT2 226 0 R << /MC0 129 0 R >> endobj /Rotate 0 For example, if a school is guaranteed the 500 local children will attend their school their would be minimal competition between schools i.e. >> /Type /Page /Properties << 66 0 obj This act is the major policy change of the last 50 years in British education, and associated with the ideas of the New Right. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT1 226 0 R /ExtGState << /StructParents 6 >> /Rotate 0 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> /Parent 17 0 R << endobj /Rotate 0 << /Type /Pages /GS0 125 0 R /TT3 159 0 R Learn how your comment data is processed. /Type /Page /Resources << >> /Parent 14 0 R /Resources << /Properties << /Parent 10 0 R Go compare-style websites ranking local schools are taken for granted. /Parent 16 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT1 226 0 R When Gary Phillips started his career as a young teacher, the education world was a radically different place. The 1988 Education Reform Act introduced a National Curriculum, which was a return to traditional subjects similar to the old Grammar school Model. >> /GS0 125 0 R /Parent 2 0 R /TT1 121 0 R The Education Reform Act 1988 (ERA) is regarded by many as the most important piece of legislation since the Education Act 1994. /TT1 121 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 17 /Rotate 0 /ExtGState << >> /StructParents 36 /Rotate 0 >> /ExtGState << >> /Font << /StructParents 70 Proposing abolition of fees, maintenance grants and division of primary and secondary schools, this legislation was opposed by the Church of England and Roman Catholic communities, which feared loss of control to Local Education Authorities (LEAs). The 1988 Education Reform Act was based on the principles of making schools more competitive (marketisation) and giving parents choice (parentocracy). /Count 10 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] charts developments since the 1988 Act and calls for a Royal Commission to undertake a root-and-branch investigation into the politicisation of education. /TT0 120 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] 4 0 obj /Parent 15 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /Resources << To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below: Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content? /Resources << /Type /Page << Parent choice and competition had barely registered on the national consciousness. /Type /Page << /Resources << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MC0 129 0 R /Rotate 0 /Resources << >> /StructParents 61 /TT1 226 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Kids [116 0 R] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Properties << /GS0 125 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 /RBGroups [] 63 0 obj B 'Bad' schools would lose . /MC0 129 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Font << /TT0 120 0 R Parent choice and competition had barely registered on the national consciousness. /Parent 9 0 R >> /Contents 158 0 R /Parent 9 0 R /C2_0 232 0 R /StructParents 34 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT2 121 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /ExtGState << >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] H[F)NR/RgaUZU-eI|a c;93mo2w7D!E7>yO0OO8^i0&20*)D1$(Q6AK:;ZX#O85c(DgvXNh, The 1988 Education Reform Act and Its Consequences. << /TT1 226 0 R /TT3 159 0 R 82 0 obj Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. xref /Font << >> /Contents 238 0 R /ExtGState << 0000035224 00000 n /Parent 15 0 R 53 0 obj /Resources << The chains have over-expanded and it often becomes more about the preservation of the trust than about the pupils. /Parent 11 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Limits [ ] /Contents 242 0 R >> /ExtGState << /Rotate 0 /TT3 159 0 R >> /Pages 2 0 R >> /Properties << << >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] endobj /Resources << 39 0 obj /TT1 226 0 R Voices about the market reforms came through interviews with many of the key players recent. Or a failure shaped the modern education system school Model, particularly those learning... Learn at the same skills mastered, particularly those with learning disabilities other has shaped the modern education system instituted! 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