The recorded history of the Wonnarua begins in the early nineteenth century when the Europeans settled. Nature appeared to have safeguarded them In her own Inscrutable fashion against most of the ailments that afflict civilised man but she had not prepared them against the diseases that the white man brought in his train. When the prongs were properly fashioned and barbed, the head would be fitted to the shaft with fibre cord and gum from the grass tree. They extended up the Hunter Valley as far as Singleton. The children, even from the tenderest years, appeared to have appetites as voracious as their elders. Nothing would be said to the women about these proceedings until the time arrived for making a start for the place of meeting. Most English definitions are provided by WordNet . ^ Vz"*+J )dEHgBH]n]L359YbF1yV8(eatI'o It was not peace but submission which was achieved and hate and distrust were buried in the Aboriginal subconscious. The gins peeled the bark off the long straight limbs of the white myrtle and soak it in water holes till the brown skin came off. 3. In referring to the Manning River blacks he mentions two . With their children they were patient, affectionate and marvellously forbearing. It was an oval- shaped piece of hardwood some two feet wide having a hand-grip on the back made of a length of vine affixed In holes made for the purpose. For the most part full dress consisted of a possum-fur belt, with narrow strips of skin pendant there from both in front and at the back. A party of whites rode up the Cobark River and fought a pitched battle with the tribe that had come over Mount Moonee, and killed over 50 of them, losing 7 or 8 of their own men. Hall and Mr. Darch followed them soon after, the whole party intending to go on to Gloucester to-night, as soon as the moon rises. Discover more about our Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander collection objects and information available in our Library. The weight and strength of the whole spear was regulated according to the purpose for which It was specifically intended, thus the heaviest of them were utilised only for spearing the big sea mullet which swarm into the harbor in countless millions at certain seasons of the year. Fishing lines were cleverly made from the inner bark of young kurrajong trees, the finished article being of extraordinary strength and capable of landing the heaviest of edible fish. Some are said to have survived the operation for three days. The Wonnarua people are traditional landowners in the . This was done and Mr. Donelan accompanied me himself to Stroud, while the constables and soldiers went by water to Booral. It was isolated and open to attack. The congestion, the Insanitary conditions that obtained, and an entire lack of appreciation of the necessity for isolation caused the disease to spread with disturbing rapidity. The law claimed yet another victim. Here a halt is made, and the keerang start away back to the womens camp, and report that the men and boys will arrive in a few hours time. The lobsters were caught by the [women] who, on the sea front, dived down among the rocks for them. The headman does not take this step on his own responsibility, but after due consultation with the elders of his tribe. The form of the grave was oval, and its depth when finished short of four feet. up in the smoke, the men raise a guttural shout, and the women wave their arms up and down. The spirit of Kawal is embodied in the wedge tailed eagle, found throughout the Hunter Valley. Figure 9: A map of the area described. Such a tribe, on reaching the main camping place, and finding all the people gone away, would go to the kackaroo, and on seeing the index pole would start away in that direction, and join the other people at the new camp, and take up their quarters on the side nearest their own country. With a woomterah to aid the cast, the y could hit a mark at almost every throw up to a distance of 50 to 75 yards. Derby [carried] the letter. The Port Stephens blacks : recollections of William Scott. It was this ordeal that tested their physical and emotional abilities almost to breaking point. Three. sunrise, one of the headmen pretends to see a large brown squirrel [possum] going into a hole in a tree growing near the camp, and asks one of the men to catch it. The [women], who played a part in this ceremony were made to lie down around the edge of the oval, al- though whether within or outside the defined ring I am not able to say with certainty. By this time the men had commenced a steady clapping of barragans (boomerangs) or any other implement they may have had. in that locality. Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954) Fri 12 Nov 1926 Page 3 OUT- RAGE BY BLACKS. They were fond, too, of pets, for the place was always alive with parrots, bears, opossums, squirrels, kangaroo rats and bandicoots that had been caught in the bush and tamed to the domesticity of camplife. On the north, the Manning for some distance bounded this territory and they occupied the country as far west as the Barrington Tops, which, according to the old residents of the Upper Allyn River, they visited in summer time. The same location is given for both these poisonings, Upper Gangat. Afterwards the gift, whatever it was, never seemed to have any particular owner, for it would be free for all the tribe. The latter keep marching on, and the keerang follow them till they arrive at a water-hole or running stream, which has previously been agreed upon as a suitable bathing place. Through these holes two cords were threaded. Then panic stricken they turned to the cliff edge and sprang into space and so perished. The blacks mistook the whip cracks for gun shots, and made tracks for safety. I was born at Carrington, Port Stephens, on September 19. During the journey thither the novices are not allowed to gaze about them, but have to keep their eyes cast upon the ground at their feet, and their hands held on their stomachs as they walk along with their guardians. Discover cultural material and objects in our Indonesian collection. The white people who recorded the language had no linguistic training, and little appreciation of the difficulties of translating between two disparate cultures. The soldiers came by boat via Newcastle and landing at Clarence Town marched in search of the tribe of blacks. Another favorite food was the cobra found in decaying logs on the banks of the tidal watercourses. On being asked by what jury he would be tried, the prisoner replied by black-fellows ; but this of course the Court was not empowered to grant. It required but little effort to keep the communal larder filled to repletion. The headmen now ask the women to come up close, and the mother of each boy sits on the ground just outside the ring, near her son; his sisters and relatives are a little farther off, and the other women and children outside of the last named. The rough, outside bark, the exterior of the canoe, would be care fully trimmed away with the blade of a tomahawk until the surface was smooth and clean. Gordon Bennett (reprinted 1964) p3. The rugs they used were made of animals skins, principally those of opossums. Family tree diagrams have the same basic design. Taking away the boys.On the evening of the day preceding the principal cere- mony, all the tribes remove their camps close to the kackaroo, or public ring, where they remain for the night. The ridge Dungog is built on was called Dunbah. In this way they were deliciously cooked, and indeed the doctor relates that he frequently dealt with his own game and fish in this manner. The review found the option of moving the homestead to a nearby farm "better preserves many more aspects of significance than the rebuilding at Broke". The woman about to be married made a camp and a fire, to which the man was led by his father or any old man of the tribe. As in fact they did at Wattenbakh, on the Barrington River, where they killed seven of the shepherds. The Dutton Family Tree, Explained. Genealogical Society of Utah (now FamilySearch) ca. The Blacks of Dungog, Port Stephens and Gresford. The Earliest Inhabitants - Aboriginal Tribes of the District. After the novices have been shown the goonambang, and all the marked trees around it, they are next taken away by their guardians and the old men, several miles into the bush, to a camp called keelaybang (urinating place). x\{xT_fL! $$!fdS!>p&QTD Ujmoql GjKj[Bks" Y[k^{g7(HxB`Kh[-_2H|v*u/'JKxkko"r6_z+Su,o?x(wDYQqEufWES^v0*X_9X+vxI6EZ|zd$]-/tdy.%(RVdD&WD/?K /T:}LFEay*h7~FE36obV*z2[-CFz~>/-r5 ' x^|XjU~H!-t]!KWjBaZN}{NRHgEB=hSE*wQ'D[t5mt/fqms94_~imuIXI%AnEb]~7MeI7g9?k&3 The keerango, and other men who remained at the womens camp have been standing by as spectators, directing the proceedings all the time - the principal headmen being among them. The illustration above, Broken Bay [Hawkesbury RIver]Jemmy. These blacks were in the habit of going to the huts for tucker, and probably the hutkeeper thought that they were too much of a nuisance so he poisoned the flour and gave it to them, causing them to die in terrible agony. Mr. McKenzie, a son-in-law of Mr. John Rawden was the first manager and no doubt he had many difficulties to contend with, one of his chief troubles being caused by his employees, almost all of whom were assigned servants (convicts), many being hardened criminals. Then two men proceeded to the camp of the females, two or three hundred yards distant, and marched them and the children with their heads prone to the circle, where they were made to lie down and be covered up with boughs, rugs, bark, and whatever was at hand. Most of the older hands in Dungog can remember the old aboriginal cemetery near Mr William Abbots home at Violet Hill and at the rear of the Rectory. In a new document, Filling A Void, the heritage office says there is no record of the word Guringai or any of its derivatives, including Ku-ring-gai, in any of the early accounts of the colony after white settlement and no hint that the Aborigines of the northern beaches or any other part of Sydney had ever heard the word. The A. King Micky, of Cooplacurripa, was well tattooed on the chest and on the muscles of the arms. . The bias towards the coast applies to plant foods as to others, and this aspect of the evidence makes impossible any comparison between the relative importance of plant foods in coastal and inland environments. A few of the men at the back of the kweealbang commence chopping at a tree, and the boys are helped to their feet, and are put standing in a row near the fires, each boy being supported by his guardian. The shafts of the spears were made of various hardwood, scraped carefully to the required thickness with shells or pieces of broken bot- tles. Little trouble was taken over their preparation, it seeming to be a point of practice to scorch feathers and flesh into a delectable outer covering One of the most fancied foods was the flying-fox (kundewung), and great was the excitement that prevailed when these creatures were about. The edible fruits found in the Barrington Tops area include: orange thorn, wild apple tree, giant stinging tree, figs, native cherry, geebung, na tive raspberry, lillypilly and medicines like Kangaroo apple and corkwood. We boys did not know that for as a result of ingenuously asking Nancy if she was lonely after the death of Jack, the writer was only saved from personal violence by the presence of some adults. Can you list the top facts and stats about Wonnarua? This unfor- tunate circumstance has given the blacks more courage, and their depredations are becoming more formidable, so that several respectable persons who have stations on the Manning have lately called on me and [called] for protection, but I could only refer them to Captain King, the Commissioner for the Australian Agricultural Company. This was all their bodily protection against the elements, and their fullest concession to the conventions im- posed by the white people about. The fire-making sticks they used were usually parts of the dried stem of the grass-tree (pummirri). The kangaroo, practically ex- tinct about Port Stephens now was in the middle decade of last century, the favorite food of the blacks. They were always so covered while the fire dancing was on. The guardians also throw pieces of bark over the heads of the women. They had knocked down and carried away eight colonial sheep; all the rest were stolen yesterday. The whites, themselves, being oppressed with scarcity and dearth of provisions, were forced to withdraw that countenance and support they had formerly afforded to the blacks, and that was indeed the cause of all the mischief that occurred some little time since. I once inquired the reason of this fear of the place and was quaintly informed that too many shark were there. The words were: Pindi pindeingy pindreingl cou-a-yana poon-maree wyv-gneahu Yangaronga gnaralonga cou-a-yana poon-maree wy-gneahn. The women would be on the look out for the shining, shimmering mass of fish to come round some wooded headland, and when their shrill outcries told of the approach of the finny prey, the men would rush to the shore. The depositions taken were duly transmitted by me to His Majestys Attorney- General the following day, and the prisoner was forwarded from Dungog in charge of two of the mounted police, who were expressly sent for, being apprehensive of a rescue by the turbulent blacks of the district. When they would emerge from the ordeal eventually, they would be haggard, thin and worn. The seeds of Zamia spiralis [a species of cycad] were soaked in a creek or swamp for several weeks, pounded and then roasted (Threlkeld in Gunsom 1974:55; Backhouse 1843:380). He was gimbi, the friend of the males. The dead were carried from miles around to be buried in these places. Mr. Irwin remembers a spotted gum ridge on which all the trees were marked. This ap peared to cause great confusion among the women, who probably believed that their offspring had been captured by the evil spirit. When within six miles of the station Pumpkin Creek the soldiers refused to proceed further, fearing an ambush. 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